Language Acquistion Essays - Language Acquisition, Linguistics

Language Acquistion Language securing is the way toward learning a local or a subsequent language. Albeit how youngsters figure out how to talk isn't totally seen, most clarifications include both the perception that kids duplicate what they hear and the surmising that people have a characteristic inclination for getting language. Kids generally gain proficiency with the sounds and jargon of their local language through impersonation, and sentence structure is only here and there instructed to them; that they quickly obtain the capacity to talk linguistically. This backings the hypothesis of Noam Chomsky (1959). that kids can get familiar with the sentence structure of a specific language since every comprehensible language are established on a profound structure of general syntactic principles that compares to an inborn limit of the human mind. Grown-ups learning a subsequent language go through a portion of similar stages, as do kids learning their local language. In the initial segment of this paper I will depict the procedure of language securing. The subsequent part will survey how newborn children react to discourse. Language Acquisition Language is multifaceted. It contains both verbal and non-verbal viewpoints that youngsters appear to gain rapidly. Before birth for all intents and purposes all the neurons (nerve cells) are shaped, and they move into their appropriate areas in the mind in the newborn child. At the point when an infant is conceived, it can see and hear and smell and react to contact, yet just faintly. The cerebrum stem, a crude locale that controls crucial capacities like heartbeat and breathing, has finished its wiring. Somewhere else the associations between neurons are wispy and frail. Be that as it may, over the initial not many long stretches of life, the mind's higher focuses detonate with new neural connections. This encourages a newborn child to be organically arranged to confront the phases of language procurement. As per the course book Child Development: A Thematic Approach, third Edition (D. Bukatko and M.W. Daehler, 1996, p. 252) there are four primary segments to language obtaining. These parts are phonology, semantics, sentence structure and pragmatics. Phonology is the investigation of how discourse sounds are sorted out and how they work. It is the principle semantic achievement during the primary year of life. The phonology of language alludes to central sounds units and the principles for consolidating them. Every language has a specific number of sounds called phonemes. Phonemes are the littlest unit of sound that influences the significance of a word. Babies can recognize several varieties of sounds. For instance, a baby who is a half year old can identify the contrast among mama and dad. A newborn child's first year is principally accepting messages yet in addition chipping away at having the option to deliver messages. As they truly create newborn children structure the capacity to make sounds. A portion of these underlying sounds are cooing, vowel like expressions once in a while joined by consonants and chattering which are consonant-vowel mixes. During the initial a half year of life, physiological changes, for example, the state of oral depression, tongue improvement, engine control of lips, and tooth emission, additionally occur that add to discourse advancement. One of the newborn children task is to recognize phonemes. As per the course book (D.Bukatko the vacillations of the voice. For instance, raising your voice to pose an inquiry or bringing it down to tell the baby you are not kidding. This causes newborn children to get familiar with the phonology of their language and sets them up for the following phase of realizing which is semantics. Semantics is the significance of words or mix of words. Without further ado before babies have their first birthday celebration, they start to get words, and around that birthday, they begin to create them (Clark, 1993). Words are generally delivered in disengagement. This single word stage can last from two months to a year. Kids' first words are comparative everywhere throughout the planet. About a large portion of the words are for objects: food (juice, treat), body parts (eye, nose), attire (diaper, sock), vehicles (vehicle, pontoon), toys (doll, square), and family things (bottle, light, creatures (canine, kitty), and individuals (dada, infant). As of now kids as a rule begin to utilize signals to point out an item or occasion characterized as protodeclarative correspondence. Protoimperative correspondence is the utilization of a motion to give a

Fallacy Summary

Misrepresentation Summary Free Online Research Papers Individuals do numerous things to attempt to win a contention or make you see their perspective. Their contention may appear to be sound and persuading yet on close assessment it might contain at least one legitimate false notions. Our course book characterizes an error as â€Å"an contention that contains a slip-up in reasoning† (Bassham, Irwin, Nardone Wallace, 2000, Ch 5, p 1). There are numerous misrepresentations, our course book partitions them into two fundamental gatherings: Fallacies of Relevance and errors of lacking proof. â€Å"Fallacies of pertinence are paradoxes that happen on the grounds that the premises are intelligently unessential to the end. False notions of lacking proof are misrepresentations that happen in light of the fact that the premises, however legitimately pertinent to the end, neglect to give adequate proof to help the conclusion† (Bassham, Irwin, Nardone Wallace, 2000, Ch 5, p 1). I will talk about in detail three misrepresentations: Bandwagon Argument, Begging the Question and Slippery Slope. The initial two Bandwagon Argument and Begging the Question are errors of pertinence. The third deception, Slippery Slope is an error of deficient proof. Fleeting trend Argument A fleeting trend contention is a contention that plays on the possibility that everyone is doing it, so you ought to do it as well. Instead of taking a gander at a legitimate applicable explanation or proof for accomplishing something, you are relied upon to do it since everyone is doing it so why not follow the group. An instances of a temporary fad contention is: â€Å"Everybody’s doing yoga. Along these lines, you ought to too.† This plays on your longing to be in the well known group. It is fraudulent in light of the fact that it expect that since something is famous it is directly for you too when in truth you have to sensibly evaluate on the off chance that it is directly for you. Fleeting trend argument’s noteworthiness to basic reasoning is that since it is famous doesn’t mean it is the correct choice for you. You despite everything need to practice gifted judgment it settling on choices and not simply go with what is well known. A case of a temporary fad contention in an authoritative setting is with the lodging business. Not many lodgings were addressing whether to help a site, yet were doing so on the grounds that they appear to be battling on how best to utilize the World Wide Web. In an investigation of lodging sites they found that utilizing enlivened pictures and the abuse of pictures can negatively affect site achievement, yet numerous inns were utilizing it since they felt that activity only makes the inn site â€Å"cool† or some way or another serious with different destinations, one can perceive this as a fleeting trend contention (Murphy, Olaru, Schegg Frey, 2003). Making one wonder Making one wonder is a false notion where the arguer states or accept as a reason the very thing the person is attempting to demonstrate as an end (Bassham, Irwin, Nardone Wallace, 2000, Ch 5, p 15). This kind of thinking is otherwise called roundabout thinking in light of the fact that essentially accepting a case is genuine doesn't fill in as proof for that guarantee. A case of making one wonder misrepresentation is: â€Å"If such activities were not unlawful, at that point they would not be denied by the law.† In this model the reason just rehashes the end premise including the case that the end is valid. A case of making one wonder false notion in an authoritative setting is in the distributing industry, an announcement about paper journalist Safire that was in the â€Å"On Language† segment (2001), Pittsburgh Post †Gazette peruses, â€Å"Anything Safire says about anything is suspect since you can’t accept what you read in the newspapers.† This is a case of straight inquiry asking. Individuals who concur this is genuine would not make a contention since they underestimate a reason that is dubious. Tricky Slope Tricky Slope paradox is submitted when we guarantee, without adequate proof that apparently innocuous move, whenever taken, will prompt a grievous result (Bassham, Irwin, Nardone Wallace, 2000, Ch 6, p 13). This is erroneous on the grounds that there is no motivation to accept that one occasion must follow another occasion without a contention for such a case. This is particularly recognizable when outrageous advances are taken between one occasion and another. A case of an elusive Slope contention is: â€Å"You can never offer anybody a reprieve, on the off chance that you do they will walk all over you.† This model is a high contrast paradox, there is no space for the hazy area. â€Å"It ought to be noticed that numerous elusive slant contentions forget about some of or the entirety of the middle of the road steps that an arguer accepts will occur† (Bassham, Irwin, Nardone Wallace, 2000, Ch 6, p 13). A case of a dangerous slant error in an authoritative setting is the contention on undeveloped organism cell-stem inquire about. At the point when Advanced Cell Technology, Inc. declared it had cloned human undeveloped organisms in a procedure that could prompt solutions for a large group of incapacitating maladies, there was a huge clamor from pundits who guaranteed that their examination will lead society down that pervasive â€Å"slippery slope†(Williamson, 2001). End Care ought to be taken when one goes over errors, for example, these. It can befuddle any great basic scholar who isn't careful about the coherent misrepresentations that proliferate. A contention may appear to be sound on first methodology however with insight and great dynamic abilities, one ought to have the option to recognize a sensible error. References Bassham, G., Irwin, W., Nardone, H Wallace, J. (2000). Basic Thinking: A Students Presentation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Murphy, J., Olaru, D., Schegg, R., Frey, S. (2003, February). The temporary fad impact: Swiss hotels’ web-sit and email the executives. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Organization Quarterly, Vol 44, Iss 1; pg 71. Recovered September 18, 2005, from ProQuest database. On Language. (2001, May 13). Pittsburgh Post †Gazette, p. E.8. Recovered September 18, 2005, from ProQuest database. Williamson, D. (2001, November 27). Incongruities clone themselves; Scientists’ work prods recognizable shade, cry. Wire Gazette, p B.1. Recovered September 19, 2005, from ProQuest database. Research Papers on Fallacy SummaryComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Bringing Democracy to AfricaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneWhere Wild and West Meet

Wilderness campaign

Wilderness campaign Wilderness campaign, in the American Civil War, a series of engagements (Mayâ€"June, 1864) fought in the Wilderness region of Virginia. Early in May, 1864, the Northern commander in chief, Grant , led the Army of the Potomac (118,000 strong) across the Rapidan River into the Wilderness, a wild and tangled woodland c.10 mi (16 km) W of Fredericksburg. Grant planned to clear the Wilderness before trying to destroy the smaller Confederate Army of Northern Virginia (60,000 troops) under Robert E. Lee . But Lee advanced on the Union troops while they were still in that area, causing Grant to face about and order an attack. The nature of the terrain made the battle of the Wilderness (May 5â€"6) a disjointed but bloody fight. After the repulse of a Union attack on May 6 through the opportune arrival of the 1st Corps under James Longstreet, Lee counterattacked, and the battle became stabilized. Grant then pushed ahead by Lee's right, heading toward Spotsylvania Courthouse, c.12 mi (19 km) to the southeast. Lee, anticipating the move, was soon entrenched there. In the battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse (May 8â€"19), Grant unsuccessfully hammered away at the Confederate lines. The bloodiest fighting of this battle occurred on May 12 when the Union assault on the salient forming the Confederate center (the Bloody Angle) was repulsed after initial success. Lee confronted Grant's next move from a position S of the North Anna River, so impregnable that even Grant did not attack. By the beginning of June both armies were near Richmond. Fearing that Lee might withdraw within the defenses of the capital, Grant made another unsuccessful frontal assault on his strongly entrenched enemy in the battle of Cold Harbor, June 3, 1864. The Union lost 7,000 men in a few hoursâ€"the most horrible slaughter of the war. After several days of desultory trench fighting Grant then withdrew, crossed the James River, and moved against Petersburg . He had lost about 60,000 men in the campaign, and although Lee's army sustained the proportionately larger loss of 20,000, it was by no means destroyed. See C. Dowdy, Lee's Last Campaign (1960); E. Steere, The Wilderness Campaign (1960, repr. 1987). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

As Sikh Genocide And The Sikh Massacre - 2062 Words

as Sikh Genocide â€Å"Never forget 1984† Many years has been passed but still when we read the Sikh genocide in 1984, our eyes filled with the tears. The 1984 Sikh riots also known as the Sikh Massacre or the genocide of Sikhs, started after the murder of Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India by her own two Sikh bodyguards. The reason behind this was to take the revenge from Mrs. Gandhi as it was her decision to have an attack on the Golden Temple, one of the biggest holy place of the Sikh community. Her order was named as Operation Blue Star, motivated to take out terrorists who had blocked off themselves inside the temple. (Kundu 2017). As the result of this army attack many of the Sikh buildings of Amritsar were destroyed and some†¦show more content†¦People started gathering outside the hospital and chanting slogans like â€Å"KHOON KA BADLA KHOON SE† which means â€Å"BLOOD FOR BLOOD† and â€Å"SARDAR GADDAR HAI† or â€Å"SIKH ARE TRAITORS†. (Kaur 2006). Giani Jarnail Singh who was also a Sikh and president of India, when arrived at the scene, the people started throwing the stones at his representative. Before the Nanavati Commission, DP Gulati belongs to Hindu religion confirmed that the crowd outside the hospital was controlled by Arjun Das (Congress party councillor). From October 31, evidences and police records revealed that violence against Sikhs did not result into any deaths and was just normal violence that was only limited to the zone where the body of Indira Gandhi was kept. The Ruling Congress party organized a careful plan and put it into action with their local followers to kill the Sikhs of Delhi on the night of 31st October and early morning of 1st November. Congress leaders held assemblies with the purpose of rallying local supporters to start the massacre against the Sikhs. It is also revealed that massacre of Sikhs did not start the day of the murder of Prime Minister. Congress leaders cleverly assembled a network of planned gangs for rallies and those same people were responsible for the Sikh riots, according to Rajni Kothari. The attacks on Sikhs was pre-planned and the Congress party was to use state’s resources to simplify the massacre. Delhi Transportation corporation buses were used to takeShow MoreRelatedThe 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots in India1175 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots in India The Anti-Sikh riots in the 1984 year of riots had been anything in particular. People are aggrieved when they hear of the incident and narrate stories of how runaway crime could have increased on Sikhs during the time. The main reason for the advent of the riots was the shooting down of Mrs. Indira Gandhi in morning of 31 October 1984. The riots had started off in the evening just after her morning death. The information of the riots was already taken by GiyaniRead MoreThe Theme Of Partition Of India And Pakistan5553 Words   |  23 Pagesthe border manifested in ruthless mass destruction as well as the evil impact of Partition on the peace-loving Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs of Mano Majra. Mano Majra has always been known for its railway station. All the activities in Mano Majra are closely linked with the arrival and departure of railway trains. The morning mail train to Lahore tells Mullah and the Sikh Priest that it is time for morning Prayer. The Mano Majrans eat and have a siesta when the midday express passes by and they are backRead MoreRole of the Public Prosecutor1277 Words   |  6 PagesState and its agencies. These questions assume greater significance in situations where those arraigned for trial are functionaries and agents of the State itself. Evidences related to the 1984 anti Sikh massacre in Delhi, the 1992 anti-Muslim violence in Mumbai and the 2002 state-sponsored genocide in Gujarat have all convincingly named and shown public servants in the role of perpetrators, conspirators and abettors in serious crimes including murder, rape and arson. Can a Public Prosecutor functioningRead MoreEssay The Kohinoor Diamond2590 Words   |  11 Pagesto 1947, the British government claimed India and its inhabitants as a colonial possession. Before the British Empire laid claim to the vastness of India, the British East India Company helped to oversee the transfer of the Kohinoor Diamond from the Sikh Empire to their motherland in 1851. Fought over for centuries and claimed by many, the owner of this diamond only yields it to another at the cost of an empire. Believed to have originated from the depths of an ancient Indian mine, the Kohinoor DiamondRead MoreHuman Rights in Afghanistan4911 Words   |  20 Pagesspiritual leader. 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Non-Muslims such as Hindus and Sikhs now number only in the hundreds, often working as traders.Read MoreImperialism in India6601 Words   |  27 Pagesviolent protesters such as Tilak, nonviolent opposition to British imperialism emerged in protesters such as Ghandi. In response to the Rowlatt Acts, which enabled a protester or suspected terrorist to be imprisoned without trial, and the Amritsar massacre, in which 379 unarmed anti-British demonstrators were killed, Ghandi advocated a return to traditional Indian simplicity as opposed to Western materialism (Cowie 41, 1994). This dislike of materialism was owed in part to his experiences in EnglandRead MoreWorld Peace8312 Words   |  34 Pagesconflict over access to state coffers. Through processes of  bounded rationality, people are conditioned towards strong in-group identities and are easily swayed to fear outsiders, psychological predispositions that make possible sectarian violence, genocide, and terrorism.[21] Market-oriented socio-economies are integrated not with personal ties but the impersonal force of the market where most individuals are economically dependent on trusting strangers in contracts enforced by the state. This createsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesuprising WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY †¢ 41 pushed thousands across the border into India. The Lebanese civil war between 1975 and 1990 and Israeli military incursions displaced close to a million people. The Rwanda massacres of July 1994 led to the exodus of close to a million mostly Tutsi refugees. The victory of a Tutsi-led government led to a larger outflow of Hutus. Most recently, the U.S. invasion of Iraq generated an exodus of 2.2 million, according to the Office

Discuss The Stakeholders Organizations And People Who Are...

Discuss the stakeholders, organizations and people who are impacted by the public policy as well as how the different levels of government interact as a result of the legislation (federal, state, and local)? Everyone is impacted by the public policy-making, whether it’s federal, state, and local because the results of the decision-making have a major affect of our economic well-being. At the federal level (Executives) interacts with the Congress to get their policy proposal placed on the congressional agenda. At the state level they have their own agenda priorities, and these priorities will affect how states act in the federal system, attempting to influence the federal agenda in pursuit of state-level goals. The emerging literature about states’ impacts on internal and external agendas demonstrates the importance of challenging accepted views of the interactions between federal levels. This process relates the policy stream as it relates to the text, where it sta tes that consists of policy players, either inside or outside the government, would like to secure action. For instant, in the health care area, Senator Ted Kennedy (D. Massachusetts) was active in getting health care reform on the congressional agenda. At the local level they interact with the governor to get their program on the agenda. The Governor interacts with Congress, since all legislation goes through Congress for action. No matter what level of the government, federal, state, or local, they allShow MoreRelatedUnited Way and the Boy Scouts of America - a Case Study Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesUnited Way and the Boy Scouts of America Background The United Way of America is an organization which takes in donations from people and businesses and distributes the funds to programs across the nation to help serve the community. 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The History of the Piano Free Essays

Piano, stringed keyboard musical instrument, derived from the harpsichord and the clavichord. Also called the pianoforte, it differs from its predecessors principally in the introduction of a hammer-and-lever action that allows the player to modify the intensity of sound by the stronger or weaker touch of the fingers. For this reason the earliest known model (1709) was called a gravicembalo col pian e forte (Italian for â€Å"harpsichord with soft and loud†). We will write a custom essay sample on The History of the Piano or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori, a harpsichord maker of Florence, Italy, who is generally credited with inventing the piano. Two of his pianos still exist. The case of one, dated 1720, is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City; the other, dated 1726, is in a museum in Leipzig, Germany. Early Evolution of the Piano Beginning about 1725, when the noted German organ maker Gottfried Silbermann of Freiberg adopted Cristofori’s action, the next major developments took place in Germany. Perhaps the most important contribution was made by Johann Andreas Stein of Augsburg, who is credited with inventing an improved escapement that became the foundation of the â€Å"Viennese† piano praised by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and favored by most German composers of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Twelve masters from central Germany migrated to London about 1760 and established the English school that, under John Broadwood and others, turned to the production of pianos of a stronger build, resembling those of our own day. The French manufacturer Sebastien Erard founded the French school in the 1790s, and in 1823 created the double action that is still in general use. By this time artisans in all Western nations were working to perfect the pianoforte. Numerous improvements were and are still being made in design and construction. Germany and the United States have long been distinguished for fine pianos, notably those of the German firm founded by Karl Bechstein and the American firms of Baldwin, Mason Hamlin, Steinway, and Chickering. The pianos of the Austrian Bosendorfer firm are also highly respected. The compass of the early piano was, like that of the harpsichord, only four, or at most, five octaves, but it has gradually increased to a compass of more than seven octaves as structural changes allowed for increases in tension amounting to several tons. Modern Structure The modern pianoforte has six major parts (in the following discussion, the numbers in parentheses refer to the accompanying diagram (Diagram #1 below) of the structure of a pianoforte): (1) The frame is usually made of iron. At the rear end is attached the string plate, into which the strings are fastened. In the front is the wrest plank, into which the tuning pins are set. Around these is wound the other end of the strings, and by turning these pins the tension of the strings is regulated. (2) The soundboard, a thin piece of fine-grained spruce placed under the strings, reinforces the tone by means of sympathetic vibration. (3) The strings, made of steel wire, increase in length and thickness from the treble to the bass. The higher pitches are each given two or three strings tuned alike. The lower ones are single strings made heavier by being overspun—that is, wound around with a coil of thin copper wire. (4) The action is the entire mechanism required for propelling the hammers against the strings (see Operation of the Action below). The most visible part of the action is the keyboard, a row of keys manipulated by the fingers. The keys corresponding to the natural tones are made of ivory or plastic; those corresponding to the chromatically altered tones, of ebony or plastic. (5) The pedals are levers pressed down by the feet. The damper, or loud pedal, raises all the dampers so that all the strings struck continue to vibrate even after the keys are released. The soft pedal either throws all the hammers nearer to the strings so that the striking distance is diminished by one-half, or shifts the hammers a little to one side so that only a single string instead of the two or three is struck. Some pianos have a third, or sustaining, pedal that does not raise all the dampers, but keeps raised only those already raised by the keys at the moment this pedal is applied. The use of these pedals can produce subtle changes in tone quality. Many upright pianos have been built in which the application of a pedal interposes a strip of felt between the hammers and strings so that only a very faint sound is produced. (6) According to the shape of the case, pianos are classified as grand, square, and upright. The square form (actually rectangular) is no longer built. For use in private homes it has been entirely superseded by the upright, which takes up far less room. Grand pianos are built in various sizes, from the full concert grand, 2. 69 m (8 ft 10 in) long, to the parlor or baby grand, less than 1. 8 m (6 ft) long. Upright pianos include the late 19th-century cottage piano, of which the upright grand is merely a larger form. The modern spinet and console pianos are small uprights related to the cottage piano. In the upright pianos the strings run vertically, or diagonally, from the top to the bottom of the instrument. Uprights and small grands are sometimes overstrung; that is, the bass strings are stretched diagonally across the shorter treble strings, thereby gaining extra length and improved tone quality. The combined tension of the strings on a concert grand piano is about 30 tons, on an upright about 14. How to cite The History of the Piano, Essay examples

The 2020 Summer Olympics in Madrid

Introduction Motivation The decision to bid for hosting the 2020 Olympic Games has been motivated by the fact that it will help Spain to boost its economic growth. Currently, Spain is in recession and hosting the 2020 Olympics will spur investments that will enhance economic recovery. Hosting the event will also enable Spain to promote peace and harmony in the world.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The 2020 Summer Olympics in Madrid specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Commitment The bid to hold the 2020 Summer Olympics in Madrid is supported by two companies namely, Coca-Cola and Adidas. These companies are important since their products directly support the Olympic Games. For instance, Coca-Cola’s soft drinks will be used by the participants. The two companies have pledged to support the bidding process by donating $ 1.5 billion. The government of Spain has also pledged to support the bid process through a grant of $ 35 million. Additionally, the government will be responsible for any financial short-comings. See the appendix for letters of support. Executive Summary The IOC should consider Madrid’s bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games since the city already has adequate facilities to host the event. Due to the availability of adequate venues, transportation networks and hotel bed capacities, little construction will be required. This will reduce the cost of hosting the event and prevent environmental degradation. Additionally, Spain has successfully hosted Olympic Games in Barcelona. Hosting the event will enable Spain to promote peace and unity. Spain will also benefit economically by hosting the event. Community Overview Community Profile Spain has adopted a constitutional monarchy system of government. The executive is made-up of a Council of Ministers and is headed by the Prime Minister. Spain’s capitalist economy is the twelfth largest in the world. Spain†™s key industries include tourism, shipping, textile, automobile and energy. The main tourism products include summer resorts and beaches, circuses, national parks, and business tourism. In 2008, Spain had a population of 46 million people. The country’s favorable weather pattern encourages outdoor sporting activities. During winter, temperatures fall below 0 degrees and reach a high of 10 degrees. During summer seasons, temperatures range between 20 to 30 degrees.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Little or no rainfall is received during the summer. Consequently, the summer weather in Madrid will favor the Olympic outdoor games such as athletics (Karadakis, Kaplanidou and Karlis, 2010, pp. 170-185). The main means of transport in Madrid include subway networks, bus services, taxi service, rental cars and the train. Metro train services serve 161 stations and cost 1. 15 Euros per round trip. The commuter train connects key areas in Madrid and costs 5 Euros per trip. Government Support and Partnerships The government support is an important catalyst for the success of the bid for a mega sports event (Westerbeek, Tuner and Ingerson, 2002, pp. 303-322). Consequently, the government of Spain has pledged to support the bid to hold the 2020 Summer Olympics in Madrid. The government will provide cash to facilitate the biding process. Additionally, the government will fund the construction of the required infrastructure. The Municipal of Madrid has also pledged to support the bid both financially and in kind. Community Support and Partnerships The support of the community is critical for the success of the bid and the actual event. Currently, 84% of Spaniards support the bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics in Madrid. The citizens have expressed their support through direct contributions of funds to the bid committee. Private companies have agreed to su pport the bid and the event by buying advertising rights and donating funds to the bid committee. Community Achievements In 1982, Spain hosted the FIFA World Cup tournament in Barcelona. A total of 24 teams from different parts of the world participated in the tournament. Approximately 2,109,723 people attended the event. The country realized a profit of about 10 billion by hosting the event. In 1992, Spain hosted the Summer Olympics in Barcelona. 9,811 athletes participated in the event. Approximately 84,067 people attended the event. Spain earned $ 16.6 billion by hosting the event. Additionally, Barcelona’s hotel bed capacity increased by 34.9% and tourism grew by 12%.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The 2020 Summer Olympics in Madrid specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Host Organizing Committee (HOC) Overview Legal Spain has an effective legal framework that will enable Madrid to host the 2020 Summer Ol ympics. Prior to hosting the 1992 Olympics, Spain adopted most of the laws and regulations governing Olympic Games. The Madrid Organizing Committee of Olympic Games (MOCOG) will be registered as a not-for-profit limited company. Its shareholders will include the government of Spain, the Municipality of Madrid, and the Spanish Olympic Committee. Organization The MOCOG will be responsible for organizing and staging all the Olympic Games and Paralympics Sports. MOCOG will also be responsible for the test events that will be conducted before the 2020 Olympics. These events include the opening and closing ceremonies, torch relays, and the inspire program. The MOCOG will also organize the Madrid 2020 mascots and festival. Key Individuals The organizing committee will be chaired by the president of the Spanish Olympic Committee. The mayor of Madrid will be the committee’s vice chair person. Other members of the committee will include Spain’s minister for sports and the Minist er for Tourism. Positioning Vision Madrid intends to deliver the best Summer Olympic, as well as, Paralympics Games experience that will inspire and entertain everyone. The Madrid 2020 Olympics will ensure a real legacy and a sense of belonging to all. Mission By hosting the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, Madrid will promote peace and harmony. The event will also help in improving the economy of Spain by creating jobs for the youth. Core values The bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic in Madrid will be guided by three core values namely, cohesion, unity and fairness. All participants will be given equal opportunity to participate in order to ensure fair play.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transition Plan After the approval of the bid, the bid committee will be transformed into an organizing committee. In light of this transformation, two subcommittees will be formed. These committees include the MOCOG Athletes’ Committee and the MOCOG Senior team. The organizing committee, MOCOG, will coordinate and supervise the activities of the MOCOG Athletes’ Committee and the MOCOG Senior team. Business Plan Finance Hoisting a mega event requires a significant amount of financial resources. Thus, an effective budgeting process must be put in place to ensure that the scare resources are allocated efficiently (Jago, Lipman and Vorster, 2010, pp. 220-237). Hosting the event will cost $ 4.5 billion. The event is expected to generate $ 5 billion in revenues. Additionally, the Committee has set aside a contingency fund of $ 150 million to cater for any unforeseeable risks. See the appendix for the budget. Sales and Revenue Generation Given the large amount of financial r esources required to manage a mega event, multiple and diverse sources of revenues should be considered by the organizers. Hence, the Madrid 2020 Olympic Games organizing committee will generate the required funds through the following sources. Source of Funding Amount in millions ($) Self-generated revenue program 450 Ticket sales 300 Sponsorship sales program 600 Merchandising and licensing program 350 Special projects 450 Donations program 800 Grants program 1450 Fundraising initiatives Live auctions 250 Silent auctions 200 50/50 raffles 150 Total 5000 Marketing and Communication The purpose of marketing and communication is to help an organization to reach its clients and create awareness about its products (Alves, Cerro and Martins, 2010, pp. 22-37). In the context of the Madrid 2020 Olympics, the objective of the marketing strategy will be to convey the information about the event. The targeted audience or markets include the countries that intend to participate, corporate sponsors, and athletes. The audience will be reached through messages that capture the theme of the event, its mission, vision and expected benefits. The marketing techniques will include advertising and promotional, as well as, public relations activities. The adverts will be posted in print and electronic media, as well as, outdoor advertising channels such as billboards. Local and international celebrities will endorse the event to enhance its publicity. The Madrid 2020 Olympic Logo will be designed in a manner that reflects the Olympic tradition and the culture of Spaniards. Additionally, an official website for the Madrid 2020 Olympic Games will be designed to facilitate communication with the public. Human Resources The quality of talent and human resources employed to deliver a mega sporting event determines the participants’ experience (Yu, Wang and Leo, 2012, pp. 46-65). Additionally, the competency of the workforce is central to the succes s of the event. The organizing committee will require 150,000 employees to deliver the Madrid 2020 Olympic Games. 50,000 staff members will be volunteers, while the remaining 100,000 will be directly employed by the organizing committee. The staff will be categorized into three groups namely, technical, administrative and consultants. Recruitment will be done as soon as the bid is accepted. This will be followed by training, orientation and recognition of the staff. Economic Impact Empirical studies reveal that hosting a mega event helps in enhancing economic growth and development of the host country and city. The benefits often accrue in the short-term and in the long-term. The Madrid 2020, Summer Olympics will benefit the economy of Spain in the following ways. About 500,000 visitors are expected to attend the event. In order to accommodate all the visitors, substantial investments will be made on infrastructure, hotels, and health care facilities. The operational expenditure is projected to be $1.5 billion while the capital cost is expected be $ 2 billion. Spending by visitors during and after the event is projected to be $ 6 billion. The spending by visitors will enhance growth in the tourism sector, hospitality and transport industry, among others. Consequently, Spain’s GDP growth after the event is expected to increase by 5.5%. The unemployment rate is expected to reduce from the current rate of 18% to 9%. Tax revenues are also expected to rise by 4%. Legacy Plan The legacies associated with hosting the 2020 Olympic Games in Madrid include the following. The financial legacies include construction of roads and expansion of the rail network within Madrid. 3 new stadiums will be constructed in Madrid and the existing ones will undergo renovations. Additionally, the Spaniards who will be recruited to deliver the event will benefit from training and education programs. The financial benefits include the financial surplus that will be generated by the organizing committee. These funds will be managed by the HOC for the purposes of promoting sports activities in Spain. Critical path The table below shows the important dates for the bid process. Date Event 15 February 2012 Application to host the 2020 Summer Olympics 2 March 2012 Creation of the Bid committee 11 June 2012 The bid committee sends the bid document to IOC 24 August 2012 Inspection of Madrid City by the IOC 12 November 2012 IOC announces the host country Operation Plan Sport Technical Requirements A successful event must be backed by a clearly defined timeline and operational plan. Consequently, the Madrid Summer Olympic Games bid committee developed the following operational plan. The proposed opening data is 8th August 2020 at 3.00 pm and the proposed closing data is 24th August 2020 at 5.00 pm. The choice of these dates is based on the fact that schools will be closed, thereby easing traffic on most transit routes. Additionally, the dates will coinc ide with the summer season. The required sports equipment and materials will be supplied by both local and international suppliers. The coaches will be appointed by the participating countries while the officials will be appointed by the IOC. The table below shows the event schedules Date Event 2 April 2020 to 3 may 2020 Test events 3 June 2020 Olympic Flame and Torch leaves Greece 8 August 2020 Flame and Torch arrives in Greece 8 August 2020 Opening ceremony 9 August 2020 to 24 August 2020 Olympic Games 24 August Closing ceremony 24 August Presentation of medals Host Competition Venues Organizers of mega events must provide adequate venues in order to enhance the experience of their audiences. Madrid already has a number of stadiums to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. The five stadiums to be used are listed in the table below. See the appendix for venue layouts and maps. Stadium Capacity Seats Santiago Bernabeu 80,354 All-seater Vicente Calderon 57,500 All-seater Circuito del Jarama 40,000 All-seater Plaza delas Ventus 25,000 All-seater Since these stadiums were built in 1960s, they will be renovated to make them suitable for Summer Olympics. Additionally, these stadiums are currently being used by various football clubs. Thus, the organizing committee will sign a contract with the stadiums’ management to facilitate their use for Olympics. A new Olympic Park and Village will be constructed in Madrid to host various activities such as the opening and closing ceremony. Three new stadiums will also be constructed in Madrid to supplement the existing ones. Athlete and Team Services The athletes, coaches and officials are likely to be motivated if they are offered special services. The motivation will improve their performance which in turn, will improve the entertainment experience of visitors. Consequently, the special services that will be provided for athletes and officials include free health insurance, transportati on services, and VIP seats in the stadiums. Additionally, their accommodation costs will be covered by the organizing committee. Accommodations Madrid’s ability to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games can be demonstrated by its hotel bed capacity. According to IOC, the hosting city should have at least 39,000 roams in 3 to 5 star hotels. These are to be used by the athletes and the media. Additionally, there should be at least 11,000 rooms to be used by OCOG and the visitors. Madrid has a total of 429 hotels with a total bed capacity of 82,894. 90% of these hotels are 4 or 5 star hotels and offer first rate comfort. The hotels are also located within 15 kilometers from Madrid city center. The average room price by 2020 is projected to be $150, $ 180, $ 250 for 3, 4, 5 star hotels respectively. The price is inclusive of taxes. Food and Beverages Services The athletes, coaches and officials will be entitled to food and beverages in their hotels. Additionally, soft drinks will be provided to the participants in the venues. Given the diverse background of the participants, there will be a variety of meals and drinks to choose from. Five outdoor catering companies will be contracted to supply the drinks within the venues. Transportation Services A mega event requires an efficient transportation system to facilitate effective connection from one venue to another (Johnson, Biesgert and Elsasser, 2004, pp. 27-36). In Madrid 2020 Olympics, the main transportation systems will be the railway line and the road network. Special busses will be provided to transport the VIPs, officials, athletes, and managers. Truck and train companies will be contracted to transport sports equipment and materials. The number of dedicated bus lanes will be increased from 170 to 250 to avoid traffic congestion. Parking permits will be arranged in advance by the municipal of Madrid. Registration and Accreditation Due to the large number of the expected participants and visitors, registra tion and accreditation will be done online through the MOCOG website. Apart from online tickets, visitors will also purchase tickets from stores and restaurants. Participants from overseas will be registered upon arrival at Madrid International Airport. Registration will be done 24 hours a day. Security Services When hosting a mega event, the organizers must clearly understand the security needs in order to prevent any security risks that may interrupt the event (Heslop, Nadeau and O’Reily, 2010, pp. 404-433). The organizing committee will spend $ 80 million on security. The security services will be provided by the government of Spain’s police and private security firms. There will be access control measures such as check points and identity verification in key areas such as airports, venues and hotels. The armed forces will provide security and rescue services in case of an emergency. Information Technology The organizing committee is aware of the fact that an effici ent communication system will be necessary to facilitate effective coordination and management of the event. Thus, Orange and Vodafone Telecommunication ltd will be contracted to provide, install and maintain an effective radio and telephone systems, as well as, all IT devices. 5.10 Venue Management and Operation The organizing committee will be in charge of venue management and operation. All venues will be renovated before the event so that they can suite the needs of a Summer Olympic Games. The committee will set aside $30 million for the maintenance of the venues during the event. The funds will be used for activities such as cleaning or fixing any damages. Media Services Given the importance of Olympic Games, the event is likely to attract extensive media coverage from TV and radio stations, as well as, print media. Hence, the organizing committee will establish three media centers for the TV, radio and print media respectively. The media centers will be located within the Olym pic park in order to facilitate ease of access. Each media center will have a capacity of 30,000 m2 and will be fitted with modern information and communication equipment and fast internet. A broadcast center with a capacity of 10,000m2 will also be located in the Olympic park. The results center will be housed in the Olympic Village. It will have a capacity of 15,000m2. Hospitality and Protocol There will be reserved/ special seats for the VIPs, athletes and coaches. Special transport services will also be arranged for the VIPs, athletes and the coaches. Additionally, they will receive special reception at the venues. The staff and volunteers will be trained to ensure protocol is followed (O’Brien and Chalip, 2007, pp. 296-304). Ceremonies and Special Events The opening ceremony will involve a display of Spanish art, music, dancing, culture and the 2020 Olympic Games motto. The president of the organizing committee, the IOC president and the representative of Spain will give speeches. The closing ceremony will entail a speech from the organizing committee and closing remarks by the IOC president. Medical facilities Madrid already has well equipped health facilities to provide health care during the event. However, two more hospitals will be constructed to supplement the existing ones. Medical insurance will be provided to the participants to enhance access to health care. Emergency health care services such as first aid and ambulance services will be provided in the venues. Bilingual Given the diverse background of the expected visitors and participants, three languages will be used for making announcements and communication. The three languages include English, French and Spanish. Environmental Services The organizing committee is committed to environmental sustainability during and after the event. The event will have little impact on the environment since the use of existing venues will reduce the need for constructions. Additionally, efficient tech nologies will be used to reduce environmental pollution through waste material. Warehousing, Storage and Procurement The organizing committee will procure and store all the required equipment and materials. A procurement and inventory management software will be developed to manage the use of equipment and materials. A warehouse with a capacity of 30,000m2 will be hired for the storage of all equipment and materials. Risk Management Every mega event is associated with a number of risks. The organizing committee has set aside a risk fund of $ 100 million to address the risks that might disrupt the event. Appropriate insurance polices will be used to cover all insurable risks. Additionally, the organizing committee will ensure that the event meets the standards of the IOC and complies with Spanish law. Conclusion The evaluation conducted by the organizing committee reveals that Madrid has already achieved most of the IOC requirements for hosting the 2020 Summer Olympics. In particular , Madrid already has adequate venues, hotel bed capacity, health facilities and transport system. The government of Spain has guaranteed provision of funds for the construction of any additional facilities. Additionally, the organizing committee has promised to support the bid by ensuring that all IOC regulations are met. Hosting the event will enable Spain to promote world peace and to boost its economy. References Alves, H., Cerro, A., and Martins, V., 2010. 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Mega Event and Destination Brand: 2010 Shanghai Expo. International Journal of Event and Festival Managemnt, 3(1), pp. 46-65. This report on The 2020 Summer Olympics in Madrid was written and submitted by user Kailey Decker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.